diff --git a/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_set.py b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_set.py
index 9dd3d68d5dad13..5054bf78fb7289 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_set.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_set.py
@@ -148,6 +148,91 @@ def read_set():
         for t in threads:
             t.join()
 
+    def test_length_hint_used_race(self):
+        s = set(range(2000))
+        it = iter(s)
+
+        NUM_LOOPS = 50_000
+        barrier = Barrier(2)
+
+        def reader():
+            barrier.wait()
+            for _ in range(NUM_LOOPS):
+                it.__length_hint__()
+
+        def writer():
+            barrier.wait()
+            i = 0
+            for _ in range(NUM_LOOPS):
+                s.add(i)
+                s.discard(i - 1)
+                i += 1
+
+        t1 = Thread(target=reader)
+        t2 = Thread(target=writer)
+        t1.start(); t2.start()
+        t1.join(); t2.join()
+
+    def test_length_hint_exhaust_race(self):
+        NUM_LOOPS = 10_000
+        INNER_HINTS = 20
+        barrier = Barrier(2)
+        box = {"it": None}
+
+        def exhauster():
+            for _ in range(NUM_LOOPS):
+                s = set(range(256))
+                box["it"] = iter(s)
+                barrier.wait()          # start together
+                try:
+                    while True:
+                        next(box["it"])
+                except StopIteration:
+                    pass
+                barrier.wait()          # end iteration
+
+        def reader():
+            for _ in range(NUM_LOOPS):
+                barrier.wait()
+                it = box["it"]
+                for _ in range(INNER_HINTS):
+                    it.__length_hint__()
+                barrier.wait()
+
+        t1 = Thread(target=reader)
+        t2 = Thread(target=exhauster)
+        t1.start(); t2.start()
+        t1.join(); t2.join()
+
+    def test_iternext_concurrent_exhaust_race(self):
+        NUM_LOOPS = 20_000
+        barrier = Barrier(3)
+        box = {"it": None}
+
+        def advancer():
+            for _ in range(NUM_LOOPS):
+                barrier.wait()
+                it = box["it"]
+                while True:
+                    try:
+                        next(it)
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        break
+                barrier.wait()
+
+        def producer():
+            for _ in range(NUM_LOOPS):
+                s = set(range(64))
+                box["it"] = iter(s)
+                barrier.wait()
+                barrier.wait()
+
+        t1 = Thread(target=advancer)
+        t2 = Thread(target=advancer)
+        t3 = Thread(target=producer)
+        t1.start(); t2.start(); t3.start()
+        t1.join(); t2.join(); t3.join()
+
 
 @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
 class SmallSetTest(RaceTestBase, unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-01-31-03-40-28.gh-issue-144356.otfq_X.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-01-31-03-40-28.gh-issue-144356.otfq_X.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d5d67ad1e8dbb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2026-01-31-03-40-28.gh-issue-144356.otfq_X.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Fix a data race in ``set_iterator.__length_hint__`` under ``Py_GIL_DISABLED``.
diff --git a/Objects/setobject.c b/Objects/setobject.c
index 5d4d1812282eed..29125a5b2a1f26 100644
--- a/Objects/setobject.c
+++ b/Objects/setobject.c
@@ -1056,8 +1056,23 @@ setiter_len(PyObject *op, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
 {
     setiterobject *si = (setiterobject*)op;
     Py_ssize_t len = 0;
-    if (si->si_set != NULL && si->si_used == si->si_set->used)
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    PySetObject *so = si->si_set;
+    if (so != NULL) {
+        Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(so);
+        Py_ssize_t pos = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_SSIZE_RELAXED(si->si_pos);
+        if (pos >= 0 &&
+            si->si_used == FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_SSIZE_RELAXED(so->used))
+        {
+            len = si->len;
+        }
+        Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION();
+    }
+#else
+    if (si->si_set != NULL && si->si_used == si->si_set->used) {
         len = si->len;
+    }
+#endif
     return PyLong_FromSsize_t(len);
 }
 
@@ -1096,6 +1111,7 @@ static PyObject *setiter_iternext(PyObject *self)
     Py_ssize_t i, mask;
     setentry *entry;
     PySetObject *so = si->si_set;
+    int exhausted = 0;
 
     if (so == NULL)
         return NULL;
@@ -1111,24 +1127,59 @@ static PyObject *setiter_iternext(PyObject *self)
     }
 
     Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(so);
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+    /* si_pos may be read outside the lock; keep it atomic in FT builds */
+    i = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_SSIZE_RELAXED(si->si_pos);
+    if (i < 0) {
+        /* iterator already exhausted */
+        goto done;
+    }
+#else
     i = si->si_pos;
-    assert(i>=0);
-    entry = so->table;
-    mask = so->mask;
-    while (i <= mask && (entry[i].key == NULL || entry[i].key == dummy)) {
-        i++;
+    if (i < 0) {
+        /* iterator already exhausted */
+        exhausted = 1;
     }
-    if (i <= mask) {
-        key = Py_NewRef(entry[i].key);
+#endif
+
+    if (!exhausted) {
+        assert(i >= 0);
+        entry = so->table;
+        mask = so->mask;
+        while (i <= mask && (entry[i].key == NULL || entry[i].key == dummy)) {
+            i++;
+        }
+        if (i <= mask) {
+            key = Py_NewRef(entry[i].key);
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+            FT_ATOMIC_STORE_SSIZE_RELAXED(si->si_pos, i + 1);
+#else
+            si->si_pos = i + 1;
+#endif
+            si->len--;
+        }
+        else {
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+            /* free-threaded: keep si_set; just mark exhausted */
+            FT_ATOMIC_STORE_SSIZE_RELAXED(si->si_pos, -1);
+            si->len = 0;
+#else
+            si->si_set = NULL;
+#endif
+        }
     }
+
+#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
+done:
+#endif
     Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION();
-    si->si_pos = i+1;
+
     if (key == NULL) {
-        si->si_set = NULL;
+#ifndef Py_GIL_DISABLED
         Py_DECREF(so);
+#endif
         return NULL;
     }
-    si->len--;
     return key;
 }